Coronary Heart Disease refers to the failure of coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue. It is already the most common form of disease affecting the heart and an important cause of premature death in Europe, the Baltic states, Russia, North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. It has been predicted that all regions of the world will be affected by 2020.
Stroke occurs if the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a portion of the brain is blocked. Without oxygen, brain cells start to die after a few minutes. Sudden bleeding in the brain also can cause a stroke if it damages brain cells.
The Lower Respiratory Infection The Lower respiratory tract is the part of the respiratory tract below the vocal cords. While often used as a synonym for pneumonia, the rubric of lower respiratory tract infection can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess and acute bronchitis. Symptoms include shortness of breath, weakness, high fever, coughing and fatigue.
There are a number of acute and chronic infections that can affect the lower respiratory tract. The two most common infections are bronchitis and pneumonia. Influenza affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic airflow limitation (CAL) and chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD), is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing shortness of breath. In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests.
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. The loss of fluids through diarrhea can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. In 2009 diarrhea was estimated to have caused 1.1 million deaths in people aged 5 and over and 1.5 million deaths in children under the age of 5. Oral rehydration salts and zinc tablets are the treatment of choice and have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years.
Diarrhea can be caused by cholera toxin, too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose, E. coli and other forms of food poisoning, hypermotility, Shigella, Entamoeba, histolytica, Salmonella, rotavirus and other forms of bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, and lastly by autoimmune problems such as inflammatory bowel diseases.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
Tuberculosis is a common and in some cases deadly infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have an active MTB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit their saliva through the air.Most infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of its victims.
Trachea, Bronchus, Lung Cancers Tumours of the respiratory system are either malignant or benign.
Malignant tumors, or cancers of the respiratory system, particularly lung cancers, are a major health problem responsible for 15% of all cancer diagnoses and 29% of all cancer deaths. It is a disease that consists of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The vast majority of primary lung cancers are carcinomas, derived from epithelial cells. Lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and women. The majority of respiratory system cancers are attributable to smoking tobacco. The occurrence of lung cancer in nonsmokers, who account for as many as 15% of cases, is often attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas, asbestos, and air pollution including secondhand smoke.
Road Accidents or car crash, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole. A number of factors contribute to the risk of collision including; vehicle design, speed of operation, road design, and driver skill and/or impairment. Worldwide motor vehicle collisions lead to significant deaths.
A 1985 study by K. Rumar, using British and American crash reports as data, found that 57% of crashes were due solely to driver factors, 27% to combined roadway and driver factors, 6% to combined vehicle and driver factors, 3% solely to roadway factors, 3% to combined roadway, driver, and vehicle factors, 2% solely to vehicle factors and 1% to combined roadway and vehicle factors.
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight Low birth weight is defined by the World Health Organization as a child who is born weighing less than 5.5 pounds. The condition can be the result of a premature birth or restricted growth of the infant due to the mother's health and nutrition.
While some low birth weight babies may be perfectly healthy, low birth weight due to restricted growth can negatively affect a child's growth and susceptibility to disease throughout life. Premature birth and low birth weight are both major causes of neonatal death. Premature babies are born before 37 weeks of pregnancy, known as preterm labor.
Babies that are low weight from restrictions on fetal growth are sometimes a reflection of health of the mother. Alcohol, illicit drugs and smoking can all limit fetal growth. Pregnant women who smoke are nearly twice as likely to have low birth weight babies and are at increased risk of premature delivery.
Poor maternal health and nutrition are the most common causes of low birth weight in the developing world. Mothers with poor nutritional status before conception, a comparatively short stature and poor nutrition during pregnancy are all factors in low birth weight.
Teenage mothers whose bodies are not fully grown are especially susceptible to giving birth to babies with low birth weight.
Low birth weight babies are less than 5.5 pounds at birth and at increased risk of death. They are more likely to have health problems during the newborn period, and may have difficulty feeding and gaining weight, maintaining body temperature and may have low oxygen levels at birth. Low birth weight babies are more susceptible to disease, including, a breathing problem common in premature babies, bleeding in the brain, and heart and intestinal problems.
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